White cops are different from Black cops in 1 crucial way, study shows
The killing of George Floyd in May 2020 resulted in a massive surge of Black Lives Matter protests focused on police racism. While the four officers who stopped Floyd were racially diverse, a new study suggests that demographic differences in policing can produce notably different results.
Black officers in the Chicago Police Department are less likely to use force than their white counterparts. That’s the conclusion of a new study published February 11 in Science, based on three years worth of data.
The study finds a number of discrepancies between racial and gender groupings within the Chicago Police, including that women are less likely to use force against men, and that “relative to white officers, Black and Hispanic officers make far fewer stops and arrests, and they use force less often, especially against Black civilians.”
Like many police departments over the country, the Chicago Police have been the focal point of protest over the last year.
Why it matters — The authors of the study write that they chose Chicago as a case study because among major police departments across America, “it is arguably one in which reform has historically been sorely needed.”
Like many cities across the country, in 2020 the streets of Chicago were regularly filled with protesters calling for an end to systemic racism, and even defunding the police. While focused exclusively on Chicago, the study offers some methods that could inform the large scale reform of other police departments across America.
Here's the background — As the study authors make clear, Chicago is perhaps the perfect case study.
From torturing of suspects for decades to the killing of Laquan McDonald in 2014, calls for reform in the CPD have been widespread. Since January 2019, the police department has been under a court order known as a consent decree, which is described as a means of establishing an “enforceable plan for sustainable reform.”
The CDP has missed over 70 percent of its consent decree-related deadlines so far, officials remain optimistic about an upcoming new report on its compliance.
Officer Jason Van Dyke's fatal shooting of Laquan McDonald in 2014 has sparked years of protest. In 2018, Van Dyke was convicted of second-degree murder.
What they did — For this study, the team filed a series of open-record requests with the Chicago police, the city’s Department of Human Resources, and the Illinois Office of the Attorney General. Bocar Ba, an assistant professor of economics at the University of Chicago, is one of the authors on the study. At a press briefing to discuss the findings, he explains the data “described when and where patrol officers of various demographic profiles were assigned to work and how they behaved during that shift.”
Specifically, these behaviors include:
- How many times they stopped civilians
- How many times they used force
- How many times they arrested civilians
The data were collected over the course of three years, from 2012 through 2015 — a year where the FBI said Chicago had the highest violent crime rate of America’s three largest cities.
During the years of the study, Chicago was facing increased violence.
Ba says it was crucial to find direct, apples-to-apples comparisons among officers to understand how officers from different demographics acted when faced with similar circumstances.
“Black and white police officers are deployed in very different circumstances,” he notes.
“For example, Black officers in Chicago work in more violent neighborhoods, so if we just compare them to officers working downtown, it might seem like they use force more often.”
In fact, Black officers work in areas of Chicago with “47 percent higher per-capita violent crime” than their white and Hispanic counterparts, according to the study. Black officers are also far more likely to work in mixed-race areas of Chicago, which is notable given the city's long history of racial segregation.
Charts from the study show that Black officers are more likely to police more violent areas, making direct demographic comparisons difficult.
Digging into the details — The study broke down police data into what co-author Roman Rivera, a Ph.D. student in economics at Columbia University, referred to at the same press briefing as “MDSBs" — month, day of the week, time of their shift, and the location of their beat.
The team then computed the average difference in the number of times police officers of any given demographic made stops, arrests, or used force against civilians.
The differences between Black and white officers are “quite substantial.”
Rivera explains the team's hypothesis thus: “What is the average difference in enforcement activity that we can expect when deploying an officer of Group A versus Group B to work in the same circumstances?”
White, male officers were found to be more likely to use force than other demographics in this study.
Looking at data of comparable working conditions over 100 shifts, the researchers found Black officers make 15.16 fewer stops and 1.93 fewer arrests than white officers on average. They also use force 0.10 fewer times than white counterparts, on average.
“Each of these represents a 20 to 30 percent reduction relative to the average stops, arrests, and uses of force that white officers do citywide. So they’re quite substantial,” Rivera says.
Interestingly, the data suggest female officers in Chicago make fewer arrests than their male counterparts, equating to an almost “30 percent reduction relative to the average amount of use of force men do while working,” Rivera says.
The differences between Black and white officers was "quite substantial," the authors say.
In an email to Inverse, Don Terry, a spokesperson for the Chicago Police Department, says the Department is committed “to treating all individuals with dignity and respect.”
“Ensuring that our officers reflect the diversity of Chicago's communities is critical to public safety and constitutional policing.”
“As part of our ongoing reform efforts all officers are also required to undergo implicit bias training as part of annual in-service training,” Terry says.
What we don’t know — Dean Knox, a co-author of the study and assistant professor of Operations, Information and Decisions at the University of Pennsylvania, emphasized at the same briefing this study “is not a direct test of racial bias on the part of police officers.”
Racial bias could be an explanation for the results, Knox says, but the team “could not directly evaluate” that possibility with the data at hand.
Similarly, the study is focuses on the Chicago Police Department, and cannot evaluate how other police departments operate.
“It’s going to be important for scientists to collect similar data and repeat these analyses elsewhere,” Knox says. “What our paper offers is a roadmap on how to do that.”
Abstract: Diversification is a widely proposed policing reform, but its impact is difficult to assess. We used records of millions of daily patrol assignments, determined through fixed rules and preassigned rotations that mitigate self-selection, to compare the average behavior of officers of different demographic profiles working in comparable conditions. Relative to white officers, Black and Hispanic officers make far fewer stops and arrests, and they use force less often, especially against Black civilians. These effects are largest in majority-Black areas of Chicago and stem from reduced focus on enforcing low-level offenses, with greatest impact on Black civilians. Female officers also use less force than males, a result that holds within all racial groups. These results suggest that diversity reforms can improve police treatment of minority communities.
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